Franklin Delano Roosevelt – 32nd President
May 5, 2019 (Wednesday)
When I was born, Herbert Hoover was president. Of course, I knew nothing about him or his successor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was elected when I was 13 months old. But his name would become synonymous with “president” by the time I was old enough to know anything about it. When he died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman became president. The phrase, “President Harry Truman” sounded strange to my ears because I had come to believe there could never be another person as president. Since FDR, there have been 13 presidents, so I’ve become accustomed to the idea that FDR is no longer president. I can probably be excused in thinking of Roosevelt as permanent because I was 13 years old and had never known any other.
On the heels of the Roaring Twenties when money flowed like water and people adopted “The Sky’s the Limit” as their investment motto, the Stock Market crash in October, 1929, shocked the world and ushered in The Great Depression as business slowed to a crawl and millions of people lost their jobs. The slogan adopted by FDR was “A New Deal.”
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1882-1945
President of U.S.A. 1933-1945
On May 6, 1935, the WPA (Work Progress Administration, renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was established to provide jobs. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, bridge, or school that was constructed by the agency. Unemployment ended with war production for World War II, as millions of men joined the services, and cost-plus contracts made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them.
The 1930s had been hard on most people, and FDR sought to build morale with his “fireside chats.” People in every community stopped what they were doing to listen to the president on radio. His soothing, comforting manner came through the airwaves and one could almost see him sitting alongside and encouraging the listener. It was also a wonderful way to communicate his ideas for government directly to the people. It was not surprising that he won reelection, once, twice, three times. He was elected to an unprecedented fourth term. Laws have since been passed that make that accomplishment impossible for anyone else. Presidents are now limited to two four-year terms.
We must not forget that World War 2 was Roosevelt’s greatest challenge. On December 8, 1941, the day after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt appeared before a joint session of Congress, which declared war on Japan. The first president to leave the country during wartime, Roosevelt spearheaded the alliance between countries combating the Axis, meeting frequently with Churchill and seeking to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union and its leader, Joseph Stalin. Meanwhile, he spoke constantly on the radio, reporting war events and rallying the American people in support of the war effort (as he had for the New Deal).
He made a pledge that day to all of us and he kept his promise. Here is a portion of that speech to Congress in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor:
I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces – with the unbounding determination of our people – we will gain the inevitable triumph – so help us God.
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On April 12, 1945, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died. We all knew that a great man passed from us. The war was not over yet, but he came with us as far as he was able, until his last breath on earth.
Grover Cleveland – 22nd & 24th President
Grover Cleveland was the 22nd president and the 24th president of the U.S.A. and is always counted as 2 presidents when a listing of the presidents appears. He is the only president who served two terms that were not consecutive.
He was elected president in 1884 and was inaugurated in 1885. He ran again in 1888, won the popular vote, but lost in the Electoral College to Benjamin Harrison (grandson of President William Henry Harrison). I presume that winning the popular vote encouraged Cleveland to try again. He ran against Harrison again in 1888, and won.
Grover Cleveland, President 1885-1889; 1893-1897
In his first term he led a crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism. He won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, and integrity. He fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. The Vice President, Thomas Hendricks, lived only 8 months after election and Cleveland’s remaining time was without a vice president. This same situation occurred several times in our history and was finally resolved February 10, 1967 with the 25th amendment, which established lines of succession for both offices.
His second election put him in office in 1893, and as his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression, which Cleveland was unable to reverse. Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation’s economic disasters–depressions and strikes–in his second term.
Even so, his reputation for good character survived the troubles of his second term. Biographer Allan Nevins wrote, “In Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not.” By the end of his second term, public perception showed him to be one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents, and he was by then rejected even by most Democrats. Today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader. (Quoted from Wikipedia).
Cleveland’s father was a Presbyterian minister and served a church in New Jersey, moving to Fayetville, N.Y. in 1841 when Grover was four years old. In 1850, they moved to Clinton, N.Y., where my great grandfather had been born in 1847. Clinton, New York still claims Grover Cleveland as one of their own. After 3 years, they moved on, but the minister father died soon after the move.
Grover Cleveland became a lawyer in 1859, and in 1863 was appointed an assistant district attorney. He was elected as a sheriff in 1871, and mayor of Buffalo, N.Y. in 1882, and governor of New York after that. In 1884 he was elected President of the United States. He was elected again in 1892 and his vice president was Adlai Stevenson, Sr.
On June 2, 1886, Cleveland, 49, married Frances Folsom, 21, in the White House, making her the youngest first lady in American history. The public warmed to her and she was popular. They had 5 children. After serving his second term, he retired to Princeton, New Jersey. On June 24, 1908 he suffered a heart attack and died.
An interesting fact:
The Clevelands had a 12-year-old daughter who died. The nation grieved with the first family. The “Baby Ruth” candy bar was named in her honor.